Updates

11 March 2024 - Faculty Innovation Fund

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli, co-director of the Semantic Lab, received an award from the School of Information Faculty Innovation Fund (FIF). Over the summer, she and Calista Donohoe will engage in a research project entitled “Art International Intersections: Postwar Artistic Exchange between U.S. and Italy as a Semantic Knowledge Base”.

23 February 2024 - The Art of SPARQLing

Alex Provo of NYU Libraries and the Semantic Lab at Pratt led “The Art of SPARQLing” workshop with Nicole Helregel, Librarian for Open Science at NYU Libraries. Participants learned about finding and creating data via Wikidata and Wikibase through the topic of artist archives. More information about the Semantic Lab’s Wiki Education programs is available here.

15 November 2023 - Mapping the Black Digital and Public Humanities

Three Semantic Lab projects: Linked Jazz, Linking Lost Jazz Shrines (LLJS), and Women of Jazz: The International Sweethearts of Rhythm have been included in “Mapping the Black Digital and Public Humanities.” Based at James Madison University, this digital library connects over 400 projects related to Black history and culture, allowing users to explore listings and subject coverage via a map and other visualizations.

06 November 2023 - Ethical Expressions of Collective Memory: Re/presenting Central Brooklyn Jazz Oral Histories as Linked Data

Research Fellow Sarah Ann Adams and Linking Lost Jazz Shrines collaborator Zakiya Collier published a book chapter titled “Ethical Expressions of Collective Memory: Re/presenting Central Brooklyn Jazz Oral Histories as Linked Data” in Ethics in Linked Data, a volume co-edited by Research Fellow Alexandra Provo.

11 July 2023 - The Semantic Lab Wikibase: One stop shop for a multi-project knowledge graph

Data research analysts Jessika Davis (MDC ‘23) and Ava Kaplan (MSLIS ‘23) presented “The Semantic Lab Wikibase: One stop shop for a multi-project knowledge graph” at the 2023 LD4 Conference on Linked Data. A recording of their presentation can be viewed here or slides here.

15 May 2023 - Faculty Development Fund

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli received a Faculty Development Fund grant from Pratt Institute. The grant funded a research stay at the Getty Research Center in Los Angeles to conduct research on their archival collection documenting “Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.).”

15 April 2023 - Faculty Innovation Fund

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli, co-director of the Semantic Lab, was awarded a Pratt School of Information Faculty Innovation Fund (FIF) grant which will support the project titled “Experiments in Arts and Technologies: Charting Collaboration between E.A.T. Artists and Scientists.”

18 November 2022 - Inclusive Linked Data for Community Memory Projects

Co-director Cristina Pattuelli gave a talk entitled “Inclusive Linked Data for Community Memory Projects” at the at the V International Congreso de la Asociación Argentina de Humanidades Digitales (AAHD): Miradas Desde el Sur in General Roca/Füskü Menuko, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Abstract.

29 October 2022 - Preserving the Records: New Knowledge Graphs - Asian American Arts Centre Exhibition Flyers

Research fellow Karen Li-Lun Hwang presented a Welcome to Wikidata Workshop at Wikimedia NYC’s Wikidata Day 2022: “Preserving the Records: New Knowledge Graphs - Asian American Arts Centre Exhibition Flyers”, Brooklyn Public Central Library.

18 October 2022 - Creating a Sustainable Digital Preservation Strategy and New Semantic Knowledge for the Web: The Asian American Arts Centre Exhibition Flyers Collection

Research fellow Karen Li-Lun Hwang and Asian American Arts Centre (AAAC) presented their work culminating from the METRO NY Library Council’s Equity in Action 2022 Grant. Video of presentation can be viewed here or slides here.

13 July 2022 - A Base to Build On: Developing Wikibase Tools for GLAM Documents & Data

Co-director Matt Miller presented at the 2022 LD4 Conference on Linked Data. “A Base to Build On: Developing Wikibase Tools for GLAM Documents & Data,” presentation can be viewed here or slides here.

13 May 2022 - #InfoShow22: Linked Data for Archival Exploration – A Use Case from the Rauschenberg Archives Part 2

During the Pratt School of Information’s #InfoShow22, Semantic Lab research assistants Jessika Davis and Ava Kaplan presented on the ongoing E.A.T. + L.O.D. project through the lens of Exploration: Queries and Visualizations.

13 May 2022 - #InfoShow22: Linked Data for Archival Exploration – A Use Case from the Rauschenberg Archives Part 1

During the Pratt School of Information’s #InfoShow22, Semantic Lab research assistants Teresa Ferguson and Ellis Mikelić presented on the ongoing E.A.T. + L.O.D. project through the lens of Construction: Methods and Tools.

15 April 2022 - Semantic Lab at Pratt Institute: Enabling Research through Linked Data

Semantic Lab research assistant Julie Carlson presented SemLab’s continued work on the E.A.T. + LOD project as part of Pratt’s annual Research Open House. Her presentation can be viewed here.

31 January 2022 - Partnership with Wikibase Stakeholder Group

Semantic Lab was invited and has accepted to be part of the Wikibase Stakeholder Group whose mission is to “commission[s] production and maintenance of open source extensions to Wikibase, and documentation for institutions that want to operate and maintain a fully-fledged instance of Wikibase.”

10 January 2022 - METRO Equity in Action Grant- AAAC

Semantic Lab’s co-director Prof. Cristina Pattuelli and research fellow Karen Li-Lun Hwang were awarded an Equity in Action 2022 Grant from the METRO NY Library Council to support a project in collaboration with the Asian American Arts Centre (AAAC) in New York City a to ensure continued online access to resources documenting AAAC’s work.

30 December 2021 - Wikibase Community User Group Live Session

Research assistant Julie Carlson (MSLIS) gave a talk about the use of Wikibase for Semantic Lab projects at the monthly Wikibase Community User Group live session. Information about the meeting and a recording are available here.

31 October 2021 - Wikibase Presentation at WikidataCon 2021

Research assistant Jessika Davis presented the talk “Wikibase: Basecamp for the Semantic Lab’s Wiki Journey” at WikidataCon 2021. Slides from her presentation can be viewed here.

05 October 2021 - Linking Lost Jazz Shrines Presentation to METRO

Semantic Lab research fellow Sarah Ann Adams and Weeksville Heritage Center Project Archivist Zakiya Collier presented the results of the Linking Lost Jazz Shrines project to METRO on October 5. The project, a collaboration between the Semantic Lab and the Weeksville Heritage Center, was the recipient of one of METRO’s inaugural Equity in Action grants. The slides are available here.

20 September 2021 - E.A.T + LOD at Hack4OpenGLAM's Creative Commons Global Summit

Semantic Lab research assistant Miranda Siler presented the E.A.T. + LOD Project at Hack4OpenGLAM’s Creative Commons Global Summit. Slides from her presentation can be viewed here.

20 July 2021 - E.A.T. + LOD at the 2021 LD4 Conference on Linked Data

Research assistant Miranda Siler presented the E.A.T. + LOD project in a poster session at the 2021 LD4 Conference on Linked Data. Her poster, “Wikibase and Artists Archives: Connecting ‘Experiments in Art and Technology’ Data from the Rauschenberg Archives,” can be viewed on the conference site.

12 April 2021 - Research Open House: E.A.T. Linked Data Modeling

Semantic Lab research assistant Miranda Siler presented the SemLab’s work on the E.A.T. + LOD project as part of Pratt’s annual Research Open House. Her presentation can be viewed here.

12 April 2021 - Faculty Innovation Fund

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli, co-director of the Semantic Lab, has been awarded funding from the Pratt SI Faculty Innovation Fund. The funding will support “New Biographies for Prosopographies: Representing Women in Jazz through Semantic Technologies,” a project conducted in collaboration with research fellow Karen Li-Lun Hwang.

11 December 2020 - “Wikibase and Semantic Lab” Lightning Talk at WikiCon North America

Semantic Lab Research Fellow and Pratt SI alum Karen Li-Lun Hwang reported on SemLab’s work in a lightning talk at WikiCon North America on December 11 and as part of “20 at 20,” a series of 20 interviews conducted by Wikimedia NY to commemorate Wikipedia’s 20th anniversary. The title of her lightning talk was “Wikibase and Semantic Lab: Collaborative Project Data Modeling and Graphing a History of Women in Jazz.”

10 June 2020 - Linking Lost Jazz Shrines Presentation

Semantic Lab Co-director Cristina Pattuelli and Research Fellow Sarah Ann Adams participated in a panel discussion organized by the Weeksville Heritage Center, with archivist Zakiya Collier, DC Jazz Festival artistic director Willard Jenkins, and Jazz Historian Basir Mchawi, on June 10, 2020. They discussed the important connections between jazz figures and architects from Central Brooklyn with the larger canvas of jazz history, in the context of the Linking Lost Jazz Shrines project, which is a collaboration between Weeksville and Pratt’s Semantic Lab.

19 March 2020 - Open Culture features Linked Jazz

Open Culture featured the Linked Jazz project in an article titled “Linked Jazz: A Huge Data Visualization Maps the Relationship Between Countless Jazz Musicians & Restores Forgotten Women to Jazz History.” The piece calls Linked Jazz “one of the best music data visualizations I’ve seen,” saying it “accounts seamlessly for what appears to be the whole of jazz, including obscure and forgotten figures.”

01 March 2020 - 2020 LD4 Conference Keynote Address

Research fellow Karen Hwang will deliver the keynote address at the 2020 LD4 Conference on Linked Data in Libraries in College Station, Texas on May 13, 2020. The conference is co-chaired by former Linked Jazz project manager Hilary Thorsen, who now serves as Wikimedian in Residence and Metadata Specialist at Stanford University Libraries.

28 February 2020 - Winter 2020 VRAF Professional Development Grant

Meghan Lyon, our Robert Rauchenberg/E.A.T. project manager, was awarded the Winter 2020 Visual Resources Association Foundation (VRAF) Professional Development Grant ($1000). The grant will support her attendance at the 2020 Society for American Archivists (SAA) National Conference in Chicago, where she will be discussing the recent work of the Semantic Lab as part of a panel on Digital Access and Preservation in Artists’ Archives. Meghan’s presentation is entitled “Semantic technologies for artists’ archives: The Robert Rauschenberg Project.”

10 February 2020 - Julie Martin visit

The Semantic Lab welcomes Julie Martin, Director of E.A.T. (Experiments in Art and Technology), to discuss our ongoing project exploring the application of linked open data to E.A.T. archival material in collaboration with the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation.

03 February 2020 - LODLAM 2020

Cristina Pattuelli and Sarah Adams were among the delegates of the LODLAM 2020 Summit that took place on February 3-4 at the Getty Center in Los Angeles. Cristina, who also served on the LODLAM planning committee, spent some time at the Getty Research Institute to conduct research on the E.A.T. (Experiments in Art and Technology) archive for the Semantic Lab’s ongoing E.A.T. project.

17 January 2020 - Linking Lost Jazz Shrines at Collections as Data Summative Forum

On January 17th, Sarah Adams attended the Collections as Data: Part to Whole Cohort 1 Summative Forum with Zakiya Collier and Obden Mondésir of Weeksville Heritage Center to present an update on the Linking Lost Jazz Shrines project, a collaboration between Weeksville Heritage Center and the Semantic Lab. The Summative Forum was held at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Lied Library and served as a public, live-streamed presentation to share project updates and lessons learned.

17 January 2020 - Linking Lost Jazz Shrines

Adams, S. (2020). Linking Lost Jazz Shrines, Collections as Data, Cohort 1, Summative Forum 17 Jan 2020, The University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

14 January 2020 - On the Press

On January 14, Matt Miller and the Linked Jazz project received a major shoutout in the Library of Congress’s The Signal Blog. Patrick Egan, a scholar and musician from Ireland, who served as a Kluge Fellow in Digital Studies at the LoC’s Kluge Center, writes in the post about how Linked Jazz’s “fascinating networked graph of connections between musicians” inspired his project.

04 December 2019 - Trip to New Orleans

November 8-9, Cristina Pattuelli and Sarah Adams traveled to New Orleans to brief the Jazz Heritage Foundation on the Local 649: List to Graph project and to conduct a Wikidata workshop at the Tulane University’s Howard-Tilton Memorial Library.

03 December 2019 - Yale University's Black Bibliography Project working conference

On November 14 and 15, Cristina Pattuelli was invited to participate in a working conference on Yale University’s Black Bibliography Project, sharing the Semantic Lab’s experience with the Linked Jazz Project, which is among the projects that have inspired the Black Bibliography Project’s approach to data.

13 October 2019 - Alpha version of IMLS-Funded DADAlytics Sélavy tool released

The Semantic Lab has launched the alpha version of Sélavy, an application developed by Prof. Matt Miller as part of the IMLS-funded project DADAlytics. Sélavy supports the creation of triples from text-based documents. Watch the demo video and then give Sélavy a try.

11 October 2019 - New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation Community Partnership Grant

The Semantic Lab is pleased to announce that we have been awarded a 2019-2020 Community Partnership Grant by the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation to support the project Local 649: New Orleans Jazz History in Wikidata, part of the Linked Jazz Project.

24 September 2019 - Linked Data Ecologies Invited talk for Columbia University Libraries

On September 24, Prof. Pattuelli gave a talk entitled Linked Data Ecologies as part of Columbia University’s Tech Innovations Forum. This presentation addressed the linked data methods, projects, and applications under development by the Semantic Lab.

08 July 2019 - Ontology Shift: Cultural Heritage Ontologies in the Time of Linked Open Data

Prof. Pattuelli presented the paper Ontology Shift: Cultural Heritage Ontologies in the Time of Linked Open Data, co-authored with Matt Miller and Sarah Adams, at the Digital Humanities 2019 Conference, Digital Humanities Ontologies for Linked Data in the Humanities Workshop, on July 8th, in Utrecht, Netherlands.

27 June 2019 - Fundamentals of Linked Open Data in Museums at Roma Tre University

On June 20 and 21, Prof. Pattuelli taught “Fundamentals of Linked Open Data in Museums” for the Advanced Studies in Museum Education Masters Program at Roma Tre University in Rome.

09 May 2019 - Documents as Data

Mary Mann, Sarah Adams, Rose Gold and Prof. Cristina Pattuelli, along with Ilaria Della Monica from Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Villa I Tatti, will present their work on Documents as Data: Harvesting Knowledge from Textual Resources with DADAlytics at the Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML) conference in Florence, May 28-June 1.

The team will also anticipate to present the results of the Mary Berenson Project, funded by the 2018 Pratt SI Faculty Innovation Fund, to the community of the Harvard Center in Florence where the Berenson Archives are held. Student travel is generously supported by Pratt’s Graduate Student Engagement Fund.

07 May 2019 - Faculty Innovation Fund

Profs. Cristina Pattuelli and Matt Miller are among the recipients of the 2019 Pratt SI Faculty Innovation Fund for their project entitled Art Data Combines: Applying Linked Data Technologies to Robert Rauschenberg Archives and Special Collections.

04 May 2019 - Linking Lost Jazz Shrines

The Semantic Lab and the Weeksville Heritage Center are recipients of a Collections as Data grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for the Linking Lost Jazz Shrines project. Sarah Adams will serve as a consultant to the Weeksville Heritage Center for the project, and was in Philadelphia May 1-2 to attend the Collections as Data Team Lead Institute.

02 May 2019 - New DADAlytics Tool

The Semantic Lab is proud to announce the impending launch of the newest component of the IMLS-funded DADAlytics project—a document analysis tool called Selavy. The tool will support the generation of linked data from text.

25 April 2019 - Latest from Local 496 Project

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli visited Tulane University on March 11 and 12 to present the latest results of the Local 496 project, an ongoing project in collaboration with Tulane University’s Hogan Jazz Archive and partially funded by the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation.

20 February 2019 - Wikidata Workshop: Working with Art Wikidata

In collaboration with WikimediaNYC, the Semantic Lab at Pratt presents the second of the Wikidata workshop series focused on Art Wikidata. Wikidata is a collaboratively edited knowledge base hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, which serves as a common source of data for Wikimedia and linked data projects. Pratt Alum Megan Wacha, Scholarly Communications Librarian at the City University of New York’s Office of Library Services and current president of WikimediaNYC, will lead the workshop. February 20 from 3-5:30pm, Pratt Manhattan Campus room 613.

06 February 2019 - Zena Latto: Linking From the Margins

After working with Carnegie Hall to uncover jazz musician Zena Latto’s story, the Semantic Lab at Pratt is now returning to the subject with the intent of finding links to other marginalized women in jazz through the Zena Latto archival material. In collaboration with the student organization ASIS&T @ Pratt, Semantic Lab members will bring in examples of these materials to share, and discuss this project as part of a larger dialogue about the use of linked open data to bring buried information and individuals to light. This event will be held at Pratt School of Information on Wednesday, February 6th from 5:55 - 6:25. For more information, please visit the Semantic Lab projects page.

29 October 2018 - Wikidata Workshop

The Semantic Lab at Pratt, in collaboration with Wikimedia NYC, presents the first workshop of a Wikidata workshop series on Saturday, November 10th from 11:00am - 2:00pm. Wikidata is a collaboratively edited knowledge base hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, which serves as a common source of data for Wikimedia and linked data projects. Pratt Alum Megan Wacha, Scholarly Communications Librarian at the City University of New York’s Office of Library Services and current president of WikimediaNYC, will lead the workshop.

21 September 2018 - Semantic Lab and Linked Jazz at #WikibaseNYC

Semantic Lab co-director Matt Miller presented at #WikibaseNYC on the use of Wikibase for the Linked Jazz project and other Semantic Lab projects. Slides can be viewed here.

17 September 2018 - Testing of the IMLS-Funded DADAlytics NER Toolchain

The Semantic Lab is currently testing the IMLS-Funded DADAlytics NER Toolchain on a corpus of documents provided by the project stakeholders and partners. Entities automatically extracted via DADAlytics will be compared to entities manually marked-up by Semantic Lab students. The results of the testing will be available soon from the project page.

27 July 2018 - Triple Builder: A New Tool Under Development

The Semantic Lab is excited to introduce a new tool under development — the Triple Builder. Created by Professor Matt Miller, this tool makes it easy to create and share RDF triples and knowledge graphs. Learn more about the Triple Builder here or test it at tb.semlab.io.

20 May 2018 - Sarah Adams Selected as 2018-2019 LOD Fellow for MoMA Archives

Congratulations to Sarah Adams for being selected as the fellow for the 2018-2019 Linked Open Data (LOD) for Museums Fellowship in the MoMA Archives. The focus of the fellowship is to help build a multi-institution integrated exhibition history index in linked open data format. Sarah will be supervised by Jonathan Lill, Leon Levy Foundation Project Manager, The Museum of Modern Art Archives, in consultation with Prof. Cristina Pattuelli and Prof. Matt Miller, Co-Directors of the Semantic Lab at Pratt.

11 May 2018 - “Linked Jazz: Then, Now, Next” Invited talk to the Greater NY Chapter of the Music Library Association

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli was invited to give a presentation on the Linked Jazz Project to the Greater New York Chapter of the Music Library Association at their Spring 2018 Chapter meeting on May 11, 2018.

27 April 2018 - Semantic Lab graduate students awarded a Graduate Student Engagement Fund (GSEF) grant to present at the New York Archives Conference

Congratulations to Semantic Lab student members Sarah Adams, Dana Lachenmeyer, and Eric Toole for receiving a Graduate Student Engagement Fund (GSEF) award to present a poster on the Local 496 Project, part of Linked Jazz, at the 2018 New York Archives Conference (NYAC), which will be held on June 6-8, 2018 at the University of Albany, NY.

26 April 2018 - “Graphic Out Communities and Cultures” Invited talk at the Knowledge Organization Research Group of University Wisconsin-Milwaukee School of Information Studies

Prof. Cristina Pattuelli, co-director of the Semantic Lab at Pratt, gave a talk entitled Graphing Out Communities and Cultures: Modeling, Networking, Visualizing in the Arts and Humanities to the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee School of Information Studies. Professor Pattuelli was invited to spend several days on campus, discussing her work with faculty and doctoral students from the Knowledge Organization Research Group KOrg.

20 March 2018 - Art Linked Data Transformation and Enrichment with OpenRefine

The Semantic Lab at Pratt is pleased to announce the Art Linked Data Transformation and Enrichment with OpenRefine workshop. This event will be held Wednesday, March 28, 2018 from 3 - 6pm at the Pratt Manhattan Campus, Room 613. OpenRefine is a popular data wrangling tool for data cleaning and transformation and has become key for creating interoperable linked data. The workshop is designed to serve all levels of practitioners interested in adding linked data to their records or creating linked data. Participants will have the opportunity to complete a cleaning and reconciliation workflow using OpenRefine. With a focus on art-related data, this workshop covers:

  • Data-cleaning with OpenRefine
  • Entity reconciliation using VIAF and Wikidata with OpenRefine
  • Discussion of metadata enrichment with linked open data

Instructors: Carlos Acevedo, Digital Asset Manager at The Jewish Museum, and Alexandra Provo, Project Manager & Digital Production Editor for the Enhanced Networked Monographs project at NYU.

The workshop flyer is available here.

18 March 2018 - #PrattResearchPower: A Research Open House

The Semantic Lab at Pratt is excited to take part in #PrattResearchPower: A Research Open House, held on March 29, 2018 from 3 - 6pm, at the Memorial Hall Auditorium on the Pratt Brooklyn Campus. The event will include a panel discussion titled “Why #ResearchMatters” followed by a series of tours and presentations by faculty and students engaged in research.

The Open House is free and open to the public, but registration is required. For more information and to reserve your place, please visit the Pratt Institute website. Looking forward to seeing you there.

15 March 2018 - Pratt Institute 2018-2018 Fellowships

Applications for the 2018—2019 Pratt Institution School of Information fellowships are open! In addition to the existing Whitney Museum Linked Open Data Fellowship, supervised on site by Farris Wahbeh, Benjamin and Irma Weiss Director of Research Resources we have added a new Linked Open Data fellowship at MoMA, supervised by Jonathan Lill, Leon Levy Foundation Project Manager. Both fellowships are administered by Professors Cristina Pattuelli and Matt Miller.

Applications must be received by Wednesday, April 4, 2018 at 5:00 EST. For more information, please visit Pratt’s Fellowship Opportunities 2018-2019.

15 February 2018 - Keynote Address by Matt Miller at VALA 2018, Melbourne, Australia

Linked Data Liminality

Link Data has been on the metadata horizon for libraries and other cultural heritage institutions for some time. While great progress has been made we are still in the early days of adopting and applying these new methodologies. Though we often think of Linked Data as a universal big data endeavor, being worked on by large entities, some of its most compelling uses are small scale bottom-up projects. For example, using Linked Data to uncover underrepresented individuals and their histories. Or utilizing it as a pedagogical platform to build new skills for current and emerging information professionals. And even thinking of Linked Data as a tool for increasing civic engagement. We'll explore projects like these and think broadly how Linked Data can used in exciting ways. We will also reflect on what we can rethink during this period of transition. Data models, workflows, how we collaborate and more can be looked at with a critical eye. While Linked Data presents significant challenges it also creates important new opportunities for change and growth.

06 November 2017 - DADAlytics Stakeholder Meeting

We held our DADAlytics IMLS grant Stakeholder Meeting today.

The primary goal of the meeting is to begin to identify the general and technical user requirements of the DADAlytics system to maximize its usability, flexibility and scalability. We hope to gain insight from the participants unique perspective’s on professional practices, collection processing workflows and end user/research needs. Based on sample documents provided by each of the stakeholder participants, we will draft a plan to develop a corpus of documents for the project testbed.

We will be releasing a summery and minuets from this meeting in the coming weeks.

30 August 2017 - IMLS National Leadership Grant

We are pleased to announce that we have received an IMLS Planning Grant for 2017-2018 to support the planning for the DADAlytics Project.

“The School of Information at Pratt Institute will develop a prototype of DADAlytics, a modular tool that performs supervised entity extraction from archival documents for generating linked open datasets, lowering barriers to entry for institutions seeking to create linked open data from archival materials. This project will build on previous work to develop the Linked Jazz Transcript Analyzer, extending that tool’s functionality and making it more widely available for use by other institutions. Grant funds will support the research and data gathering needed to inform the redesign and reengineering of the tool, including an environmental scan, a series of meetings with key stakeholders and the development of a prototype.”